Page Object Model (POM) & Page Factory in Selenium Tutorial

Under this model, for each web page in the application, there should be a corresponding Page Class. This Page class will identify the WebElements of that web page and also contains Page methods which perform operations on those WebElements. Name of these methods should be given as per the task they are performing, i.e., if a loader is waiting for the payment gateway to appear, POM method name can be waitForPaymentScreenDisplay().

In this tutorial, you will learn-

• Why Page Object Model?
• Advantages of POM
• How to implement POM?
• What is Page Factory?
• gtupapers TestCase with Page Factory concept
• AjaxElementLocatorFactory

Why Page Object Model?

Starting an UI Automation in Selenium WebDriver is NOT a tough task. You just need to find elements, perform operations on it.

Consider this simple script to login into a website

As you can observe, all we are doing is finding elements and filling values for those elements.

This is a small script. Script maintenance looks easy. But with time test suite will grow. As you add more and more lines to your code, things become tough.

The chief problem with script maintenance is that if 10 different scripts are using the same page element, with any change in that element, you need to change all 10 scripts. This is time consuming and error prone.

A better approach to script maintenance is to create a separate class file which would find web elements, fill them or verify them. This class can be reused in all the scripts using that element. In future, if there is a change in the web element, we need to make the change in just 1 class file and not 10 different scripts.

This approach is called Page Object Model in Selenium. It helps make the code  more readable, maintainable, and reusable.

Advantages of POM

1. Page Object Design Pattern says operations and flows in the UI should be separated from verification. This concept makes our code cleaner and easy to understand.
2. The Second benefit is the object repository is independent of test cases, so we can use the same object repository for a different purpose with different tools. For example, we can integrate Page Object Model in Selenium with TestNG/JUnit for functional Testing and at the same time with JBehave/Cucumber for acceptance testing.
3. Code becomes less and optimized because of the reusable page methods in the POM classes.
4. Methods get more realistic names which can be easily mapped with the operation happening in UI. i.e. if after clicking on the button we land on the home page, the method name will be like 'gotoHomePage()'.

How to implement POM?

Simple POM:

It's the basic structure of Page object model framework where all Web Elements of the AUT and the method that operate on these Web Elements are maintained inside a class file.A task like verification should be separate as part of Test methods.

Complete Example

TestCase: Go to gtupapers Demo Site.

Step 1) Go to gtupapers Demo Site
Step 2) In home page check text "gtupapers Bank" is present
Step 3) Login into application
Step 4) Verify that the Home page contains text as "Manger Id: demo"

Here are we are dealing with 2 pages

1. Login Page
2. Home Page (shown once you login)

Accordingly, we create 2 POM in Selenium classes

gtupapers Login page POM

package pages;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

public class gtupapersLogin {

    WebDriver driver;

    By user99GuruName = By.name("uid");

    By password99Guru = By.name("password");

    By titleText =By.className("barone");

    By login = By.name("btnLogin");

    public gtupapersLogin(WebDriver driver){

        this.driver = driver;

    }

    //Set user name in textbox

    public void setUserName(String strUserName){

        driver.findElement(user99GuruName).sendKeys(strUserName);

    }

    //Set password in password textbox

    public void setPassword(String strPassword){

         driver.findElement(password99Guru).sendKeys(strPassword);

    }

    //Click on login button

    public void clickLogin(){

            driver.findElement(login).click();

    }

    //Get the title of Login Page

    public String getLoginTitle(){

     return    driver.findElement(titleText).getText();

    }

    /**

     * This POM method will be exposed in test case to login in the application

     * @param strUserName

     * @param strPasword

     * @return

     */

    public void loginTogtupapers(String strUserName,String strPasword){

        //Fill user name

        this.setUserName(strUserName);

        //Fill password

        this.setPassword(strPasword);

        //Click Login button

        this.clickLogin();        
    }

}

gtupapers Home Page POM in Selenium

package pages;

import org.openqa.selenium.By;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

public class gtupapersHomePage {

    WebDriver driver;

    By homePageUserName = By.xpath("//table//tr[@class='heading3']");

    

    public gtupapersHomePage(WebDriver driver){

        this.driver = driver;

    }

    //Get the User name from Home Page

        public String getHomePageDashboardUserName(){

         return    driver.findElement(homePageUserName).getText();

        }

}

gtupapers Simple POM in Selenium Test case

package test;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

import org.testng.Assert;

import org.testng.annotations.BeforeTest;

import org.testng.annotations.Test;

import pages.gtupapersHomePage;

import pages.gtupapersLogin;

public class Test99GuruLogin {

    String driverPath = "C:\\geckodriver.exe";
    
    WebDriver driver;

    gtupapersLogin objLogin;

    gtupapersHomePage objHomePage;

    @BeforeTest

    public void setup(){

	System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", driverPath);
        
        driver = new FirefoxDriver();

        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

        driver.get("http://demo.gtupapers.com/V4/");

    }

    /**

     * This test case will login in http://demo.gtupapers.com/V4/

     * Verify login page title as gtupapers bank

     * Login to application

     * Verify the home page using Dashboard message

     */

    @Test(priority=0)

    public void test_Home_Page_Appear_Correct(){

        //Create Login Page object

    objLogin = new gtupapersLogin(driver);

    //Verify login page title

    String loginPageTitle = objLogin.getLoginTitle();

    Assert.assertTrue(loginPageTitle.toLowerCase().contains("gtupapers bank"));

    //login to application

    objLogin.loginTogtupapers("mgr123", "mgr!23");

    // go the next page

    objHomePage = new gtupapersHomePage(driver);

    //Verify home page

    Assert.assertTrue(objHomePage.getHomePageDashboardUserName().toLowerCase().contains("manger id : mgr123"));

    }

Here as well, we follow the concept of separation of Page Object Repository and Test Methods. Additionally, with the help of class PageFactory in Selenium, we use annotations @FindBy to find WebElement. We use initElements method to initialize web elements

@FindBy can accept tagName, partialLinkText, name, linkText, id, css, className, xpath as attributes.

Let's look at the same example as above using Page Factory

gtupapers Login page with Page Factory

package PageFactory;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;

import org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory;

public class gtupapersLogin {

    /**

     * All WebElements are identified by @FindBy annotation

     */

    WebDriver driver;

    @FindBy(name="uid")

    WebElement user99GuruName;

    @FindBy(name="password")

    WebElement password99Guru;    

    @FindBy(className="barone")

    WebElement titleText;

    @FindBy(name="btnLogin")

    WebElement login;

    public gtupapersLogin(WebDriver driver){

        this.driver = driver;

        //This initElements method will create all WebElements

        PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);

    }

    //Set user name in textbox

    public void setUserName(String strUserName){

        user99GuruName.sendKeys(strUserName);     
    }

    //Set password in password textbox

    public void setPassword(String strPassword){

    password99Guru.sendKeys(strPassword);

    }

    //Click on login button

    public void clickLogin(){

            login.click();

    }  

    //Get the title of Login Page

    public String getLoginTitle(){

     return    titleText.getText();

    }

    /**

     * This POM method will be exposed in test case to login in the application

     * @param strUserName

     * @param strPasword

     * @return

     */

    public void loginTogtupapers(String strUserName,String strPasword){

        //Fill user name

        this.setUserName(strUserName);

        //Fill password

        this.setPassword(strPasword);

        //Click Login button

        this.clickLogin();           

    }

}

gtupapers Home Page with Page Factory

package PageFactory;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;

import org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory;

public class gtupapersHomePage {

    WebDriver driver;

    @FindBy(xpath="//table//tr[@class='heading3']")

    WebElement homePageUserName;    

    public gtupapersHomePage(WebDriver driver){

        this.driver = driver;

        //This initElements method will create all WebElements

        PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);

    }   

    //Get the User name from Home Page

        public String getHomePageDashboardUserName(){

         return    homePageUserName.getText();

        }

}

gtupapers TestCase with Page Factory concept

package test;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;

import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;

import org.testng.Assert;

import org.testng.annotations.BeforeTest;

import org.testng.annotations.Test;

import PageFactory.gtupapersHomePage;

import PageFactory.gtupapersLogin;

public class Test99GuruLoginWithPageFactory {

    String driverPath = "C:\\geckodriver.exe";
    
    WebDriver driver;

    gtupapersLogin objLogin;

    gtupapersHomePage objHomePage; 

    @BeforeTest

    public void setup(){

        System.setProperty("webdriver.gecko.driver", driverPath);
        
        driver = new FirefoxDriver();

        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

        driver.get("http://demo.gtupapers.com/V4/");

    }

    /**

     * This test go to http://demo.gtupapers.com/V4/

     * Verify login page title as gtupapers bank

     * Login to application

     * Verify the home page using Dashboard message

     */

    @Test(priority=0)

    public void test_Home_Page_Appear_Correct(){

        //Create Login Page object

    objLogin = new gtupapersLogin(driver);

    //Verify login page title

    String loginPageTitle = objLogin.getLoginTitle();

    Assert.assertTrue(loginPageTitle.toLowerCase().contains("gtupapers bank"));

    //login to application

    objLogin.loginTogtupapers("mgr123", "mgr!23");

    // go the next page

    objHomePage = new gtupapersHomePage(driver);

    //Verify home page

    Assert.assertTrue(objHomePage.getHomePageDashboardUserName().toLowerCase().contains("manger id : mgr123"));

    }

}

Complete Project Structure will look like the diagram:

Here, when an operation is performed on an element the wait for its visibility starts from that moment only. If the element is not found in the given time interval, Test Case execution will throw 'NoSuchElementException' exception.

Summary

1. Page Object Model in Selenium Websdriver is an Object Repository design pattern.
2. Selenium page object model creates our testing code maintainable, reusable.
3. Page Factory is an optimized way to create object repository in Page Object Model framework concept.
4. AjaxElementLocatorFactory is a lazy load concept in Page Factory - page object design pattern to identify WebElements only when they are used in any operation.

Download the Selenium Project Files for the Demo in this Tutorial